Additive Manufacturing Approaches for Hydroxyapatite‐Reinforced Composites
Title: Additive Manufacturing Approaches for Hydroxyapatite‐Reinforced Composites
Authors: Mario Milazzo, Nicola Contessi Negrini, Stefania Scialla, Benedetto Marelli, Silvia Farè, Serena Danti, Markus J. Buehler* Keywords: bioinks, bioinspired, composites, hierarchical, hydroxyapatite, materiomics, tissue engineering.
Abstract: Additive manufacturing (AM) techniques have gained interest in the tissue engineering field, thanks to their versatility and unique possibilities of producing constructs with complex macroscopic geometries and defined patterns. Recently, composite materials—namely, heterogeneous biomaterials identified as continuous phase (matrix) and reinforcement (filler)—have been proposed as inks that can be processed by AM to obtain scaffolds with improved biomimetic and bioactive properties. Significant efforts have been dedicated to hydroxyapatite (HA)‐reinforced composites, especially targeting bone tissue engineering, thanks to the chemical similarities of HA with respect to mineral components of native mineralized tissues. Herein, applications of AM techniques to process HA‐reinforced composites and biocomposites for the production of scaffolds with biological matrices, including cellular tissues, are reviewed. The primary outcomes of recent investigations in terms of morphological, structural, and in vitro and in vivo biological properties of the materials are discussed. The approaches based on the nature of the matrices employed to embed the HA reinforcements and produce the tissue substitutes are classified, and a critical discussion is provided on the presented state of the art as well as the future perspectives, to offer a comprehensive picture of the strategies investigated as well as challenges in this emerging field of materiomics. Purpose: review applications of AM techniques to process HA-reinforced composites and biocomposites for the production of scaffolds with biological matrices, including cellular tissues.
Limitations: An interconnected porosity represents a necessary condition for vascularization, but few studies have evaluated the capability of the constructs to allow the flows of nutrients needed to avoid the necrosis of the tissues and the embodiment in the host site.
Benefits: These composites are used mainly as tools to promote/replace cartilaginous and bone structures due to their chemical similarities to the native tissues. Practical implications: growth and development of biomatrix.
Originality/value: have found a new material for production of biological scaffolds.
Full reference: : MILAZZO M., CONTESSI NEGRINI N., SCIALLA S., MARELLI B., FARÈ S., DANTI S., BUEHLER M. J., Additive Manufacturing Approaches for Hydroxyapatite‐Reinforced Composites - www.afm-journal.de.
Link: https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201903055; DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201903055; https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/adfm.201903055.
*Dr. M. Milazzo, Prof. S. Danti The BioRobotics Institute Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera (PI), Italy Dr. M. Milazzo, Dr. N. Contessi Negrini, Prof. B. Marelli, Prof. S. Danti, Prof. M. J. Buehler Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA E-mail: mbuehler@mit.edu Dr. N. Contessi Negrini, Prof. S. Fare Department of Chemistry Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta” Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy Dr. S. Scialla Institute of Nanotechnology (NANOTEC) National Research Council Via per Monteroni c/o Campus Ecotekne 73100, Lecce, Italy Prof. S. Danti Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering University of Pisa Largo L. Lazzarino 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy
