Additive Manufacturing Approaches for Hydroxyapatite‐Reinforced Composites - Cronologia

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'''Title''': Additive Manufacturing Approaches for Hydroxyapatite‐Reinforced Composites

'''Authors''': Mario Milazzo, Nicola Contessi Negrini, Stefania Scialla, Benedetto Marelli, Silvia Farè, Serena Danti, Markus J. Buehler'''*'''
'''Keywords''': bioinks, bioinspired, composites, hierarchical, hydroxyapatite, materiomics, tissue engineering.

'''Abstract''': Additive manufacturing (AM) techniques have gained interest in the tissue engineering field, thanks to their versatility and unique possibilities of producing constructs with complex macroscopic geometries and defined patterns. Recently, composite materials—namely, heterogeneous biomaterials identified as continuous phase (matrix) and reinforcement (filler)—have been proposed as inks that can be processed by AM to obtain scaffolds with improved biomimetic and bioactive properties. Significant efforts have been dedicated to hydroxyapatite (HA)‐reinforced composites, especially targeting bone tissue engineering, thanks to the chemical similarities of HA with respect to mineral components of native mineralized tissues. Herein, applications of AM techniques to process HA‐reinforced composites and biocomposites for the production of scaffolds with biological matrices, including cellular tissues, are reviewed. The primary outcomes of recent investigations in terms of morphological, structural, and in vitro and in vivo biological properties of the materials are discussed. The approaches based on the nature of the matrices employed to embed the HA reinforcements and produce the tissue substitutes are classified, and a critical discussion is provided on the presented state of the art as well as the future perspectives, to offer a comprehensive picture of the strategies investigated as well as challenges in this emerging field of materiomics.
Purpose: review applications of AM techniques to process HA-reinforced composites and biocomposites for the production of scaffolds with biological matrices, including cellular tissues.

'''Limitations''': An interconnected porosity represents a necessary condition for vascularization, but few studies have evaluated the capability of the constructs to allow the flows of nutrients needed to avoid the necrosis of the tissues and the embodiment in the host site.

'''Benefits''': These composites are used mainly as tools to promote/replace cartilaginous and bone structures due to their chemical similarities to the native tissues.
'''Practical implications''': growth and development of biomatrix.

'''Originality/value''': have found a new material for production of biological scaffolds.

'''Full reference''': : MILAZZO M., CONTESSI NEGRINI N., SCIALLA S., MARELLI B., FARÈ S., DANTI S., BUEHLER M. J., Additive Manufacturing Approaches for Hydroxyapatite‐Reinforced Composites - www.afm-journal.de.

'''Link''': https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201903055; DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201903055; https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/adfm.201903055.
'''*'''Dr. M. Milazzo, Prof. S. Danti
The BioRobotics Institute
Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna
Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera (PI), Italy
Dr. M. Milazzo, Dr. N. Contessi Negrini, Prof. B. Marelli, Prof. S. Danti,
Prof. M. J. Buehler
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Massachusetts
Institute of Technology
77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
E-mail: mbuehler@mit.edu
Dr. N. Contessi Negrini, Prof. S. Fare
Department of Chemistry
Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”
Politecnico di Milano
Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
Dr. S. Scialla
Institute of Nanotechnology (NANOTEC)
National Research Council
Via per Monteroni c/o Campus Ecotekne 73100, Lecce, Italy
Prof. S. Danti
Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering
University of Pisa
Largo L. Lazzarino 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy

[[File:HA process.png|miniatura]]

@@ Riga 11: / Riga 11: @@
 '''Originality/value''': have found a new material for production of biological scaffolds.
-'''Full reference''': : MILAZZO M., CONTESSI NEGRINI N., SCIALLA S., MARELLI B., FARÈ S., DANTI S., BUEHLER M. J.,  Additive Manufacturing Approaches for Hydroxyapatite‐Reinforced Composites - www.afm-journal.de.
+'''Full reference''': : MILAZZO M., CONTESSI NEGRINI N., SCIALLA S., MARELLI B., FARÈ S., DANTI S., BUEHLER M. J.,  Additive Manufacturing Approaches for Hydroxyapatite‐Reinforced Composites (2019) - www.afm-journal.de.
 '''Link''': https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201903055; DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201903055; https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/adfm.201903055.

@@ Riga 1: / Riga 1: @@
 '''Authors''': Mario Milazzo, Nicola Contessi Negrini, Stefania Scialla, Benedetto Marelli, Silvia Farè, Serena Danti, Markus J. Buehler'''*'''
 '''Keywords''': bioinks, bioinspired, composites, hierarchical, hydroxyapatite, materiomics, tissue engineering.
@@ Riga 5: / Riga 6: @@
 '''Benefits''': These composites are used mainly as tools to promote/replace cartilaginous and bone structures due to their chemical similarities to the native tissues.
 '''Practical implications''': growth and development of biomatrix.

@@ Riga 17: / Riga 17: @@
 '''Link''': https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201903055; DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201903055; https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/adfm.201903055.
 '''*'''Dr. M. Milazzo, Prof. S. Danti
 The BioRobotics Institute